This is a description of The Sunflowers, by the Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh, painted in 1888. Oil on canvas, the picture is 92cm high by 73cm wide, in a plain wooden frame.
One of the most recognisable paintings in the history of art, it depicts a slightly larger than life vase of 15 sunflowers, in front of a pale-yellow background. The flowers are carefully observed - each at a different stage in their life-cycle. But this is not a photographic-like depiction. Van Gogh presents us with a unique, powerfully expressive approach to this timeless theme.
A vibrant energy radiates from the jagged spiky flower heads, in a bold 'yellow on yellow' colour combination. The paint is thickly applied in most places - a style of painting termed 'impasto' (from the Italian word for dough). We can imagine Van Gogh in the act of painting, the traces of his brush visible in the textured surfaces.
Most of the background is painted in a luminous pale wheat-yellow, applied with criss-crossed hatched brushstrokes. The mustard-coloured surface the vase stands on is painted as a horizontal strip across the bottom 5th of the painting. Applied with smoother brushstrokes, it has a flatter appearance. Where these two yellows meet, Van Gogh has used a thin contrasting line of bright blue to separate them.
The vase is a bulbous oval shape with the appearance of simple country-cottage stoneware. It is painted in two bands of yellow, darker at the top, to stand out against the background colours. The two yellows are separated by a thin blue line, above which he has signed his name 'Vincent' in the same blue, on the left of the vase. A few thick daubs of white paint in the centre suggest light reflecting off its surface.
The arrangement of flowers at first appears haphazard, but the flower heads fall into rough groupings. On either side of the vase, newly developing sunflowers, with curved stems, droop over. The yellow petals of the smaller bud on the left are curled up, having just emerged from their encasement of thin green leaf-like structures, known as 'bracts', which frill out around them.
Above these new buds on each side, is a cluster of 3 flowers, the lowest proudly in full bloom while those above are starting to shed their petals. One, furthest to the right, clings on to a solitary tear-shaped petal. The centre of these flowers are dotted with dark brown to indicate developing sunflower seeds.
A central flower is at the halfway stage, its top half crowned with an arch of spiky petals, while underneath is bare save for some green bracts. Its orange centre is beginning to develop a brown ring of seeds.
The display is finished by two clusters of 3 larger, heavier seed heads, one at the pinnacle of the arrangement, another at its lowest point, overlapping the front of the vase. Here the paint is thickest, applied in ochre-coloured, lively repetitive dabs, with short olive-green flicks at their centres.
While some painters thought sunflowers too coarse a subject to spend their time on, Van Gogh enthusiastically painted them many times. His first four versions were done in just one week of August 1888, while at the 'yellow house', his rented home in Arles. They were painted in optimistic anticipation of a visit from fellow artist Paul Gauguin. But Van Gogh and Gauguin's time together in Arles ended in a disastrous and violent falling out.
In painting his sunflowers Van Gogh achieved a kind of immortality and the magnetic energy of this painting continues to inspire all who encounter The Sunflowers to this day.
","language":"en-GB","source":"TMS","type":"audio description transcript","value":"This is a description of The Sunflowers, by the Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh, painted in 1888. Oil on canvas, the picture is 92cm high by 73cm wide, in a plain wooden frame.\r\n\r\nOne of the most recognisable paintings in the history of art, it depicts a slightly larger than life vase of 15 sunflowers, in front of a pale-yellow background. The flowers are carefully observed - each at a different stage in their life-cycle. But this is not a photographic-like depiction. Van Gogh presents us with a unique, powerfully expressive approach to this timeless theme.\r\n\r\nA vibrant energy radiates from the jagged spiky flower heads, in a bold 'yellow on yellow' colour combination. The paint is thickly applied in most places - a style of painting termed 'impasto' (from the Italian word for dough). We can imagine Van Gogh in the act of painting, the traces of his brush visible in the textured surfaces.\r\n\r\nMost of the background is painted in a luminous pale wheat-yellow, applied with criss-crossed hatched brushstrokes. The mustard-coloured surface the vase stands on is painted as a horizontal strip across the bottom 5th of the painting. Applied with smoother brushstrokes, it has a flatter appearance. Where these two yellows meet, Van Gogh has used a thin contrasting line of bright blue to separate them.\r\n\r\nThe vase is a bulbous oval shape with the appearance of simple country-cottage stoneware. It is painted in two bands of yellow, darker at the top, to stand out against the background colours. The two yellows are separated by a thin blue line, above which he has signed his name 'Vincent' in the same blue, on the left of the vase. A few thick daubs of white paint in the centre suggest light reflecting off its surface.\r\n\r\nThe arrangement of flowers at first appears haphazard, but the flower heads fall into rough groupings. On either side of the vase, newly developing sunflowers, with curved stems, droop over. The yellow petals of the smaller bud on the left are curled up, having just emerged from their encasement of thin green leaf-like structures, known as 'bracts', which frill out around them.\r\n\r\nAbove these new buds on each side, is a cluster of 3 flowers, the lowest proudly in full bloom while those above are starting to shed their petals. One, furthest to the right, clings on to a solitary tear-shaped petal. The centre of these flowers are dotted with dark brown to indicate developing sunflower seeds.\r\n\r\nA central flower is at the halfway stage, its top half crowned with an arch of spiky petals, while underneath is bare save for some green bracts. Its orange centre is beginning to develop a brown ring of seeds.\r\n\r\nThe display is finished by two clusters of 3 larger, heavier seed heads, one at the pinnacle of the arrangement, another at its lowest point, overlapping the front of the vase. Here the paint is thickest, applied in ochre-coloured, lively repetitive dabs, with short olive-green flicks at their centres.\r\n\r\nWhile some painters thought sunflowers too coarse a subject to spend their time on, Van Gogh enthusiastically painted them many times. His first four versions were done in just one week of August 1888, while at the 'yellow house', his rented home in Arles. They were painted in optimistic anticipation of a visit from fellow artist Paul Gauguin. But Van Gogh and Gauguin's time together in Arles ended in a disastrous and violent falling out.\r\n\r\nIn painting his sunflowers Van Gogh achieved a kind of immortality and the magnetic energy of this painting continues to inspire all who encounter The Sunflowers to this day.","status":"Active"}],"access":{"item":{"privacy":false,"public_approved":true},"media":{"date":[{"from":"1924-01-01","to":"9999","value":"1924-01-01 to present"}],"public_image":true,"download":true,"zoom":true,"hi_res":true}},"description":[{"formatted":"This is one of five versions of Sunflowers on display in museums and galleries across the world. Van Gogh made the paintings to decorate his house in Arles in readiness for a visit from his friend and fellow artist, Paul Gauguin.
‘The sunflower is mine’, Van Gogh once declared, and it is clear that the flower had various meanings for him. The different stages in the sunflower’s life cycle shown here, from young bud through to maturity and eventual decay, follow in the vanitas tradition of Dutch seventeenth-century flower paintings, which emphasise the transient nature of human actions. The sunflowers were perhaps also intended to be a symbol of friendship and a celebration of the beauty and vitality of nature.
The sunflower pictures were among the first paintings Van Gogh produced in Arles that show his signature expressive style. No other artist has been so closely associated with a specific flower, and these pictures are among Van Gogh’s most iconic and best-loved works.
","source":"Dokuwiki","type":"short text","value":"This is one of five versions of Sunflowers on display in museums and galleries across the world. Van Gogh made the paintings to decorate his house in Arles in readiness for a visit from his friend and fellow artist, Paul Gauguin.\n\n'The sunflower is mine', Van Gogh once declared, and it is clear that the flower had various meanings for him. The different stages in the sunflower’s life cycle shown here, from young bud through to maturity and eventual decay, follow in the vanitas tradition of Dutch seventeenth-century flower paintings, which emphasise the transient nature of human actions. The sunflowers were perhaps also intended to be a symbol of friendship and a celebration of the beauty and vitality of nature.\n\nThe sunflower pictures were among the first paintings Van Gogh produced in Arles that show his signature expressive style. No other artist has been so closely associated with a specific flower, and these pictures are among Van Gogh's most iconic and best-loved works."},{"formatted":"‘The sunflower is mine’, Van Gogh once declared. Soon after his death he became known as the painter of sunflowers, an identification that endures to this day. No other artist has been so closely associated with a specific flower, and his sunflower pictures continue to be among Van Gogh’s most iconic – and loved – works.
This painting is one of five versions of Sunflowers on display in museums and galleries across the world, although Van Gogh painted seven versions in total between 1888 and 1889. Of the seven, one is in a private collection and has not been exhibited for generations. The other, bought by a Japanese collector in 1921, was destroyed during the Second World War. In addition to the National Gallery’s painting, the four other versions on public display are in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the Neue Pinakothek in Munich, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Sompo Museum in Tokyo.
The seven pictures were made in two groups: four were painted in August 1888 and three replicas were painted in January 1889, which Van Gogh described as ‘absolutely equal and identical copies’. These copies, along with the original paintings, were to be used as side panels to versions of his portrait of Madame Roulin, the wife of the Arles postman. Van Gogh painted the first four versions of his sunflowers in just one week. He worked quickly before the flowers faded, writing to his brother Theo, ‘I am painting with the gusto of a Marseillaise eating bouillabaisse ... If I carry out this idea there will be a dozen panels. So the whole thing will be a symphony in blue and yellow.’ The first two paintings to be completed were the one now in a private collection and the painting destroyed by bombing. The second two paintings – Fourteen Sunflowers (Munich) and the National Gallery’s picture – are the most important of the series. Van Gogh considered both good enough to hang and signed them ‘Vincent’, using his first name only as people found it difficult to pronounce his last name. They were also among the few works he felt confident enough to exhibit in Brussels in November 1889.
Van Gogh had previously painted sunflower still lifes, but was prompted to paint this series by the imminent arrival of Paul Gauguin, his friend and fellow artist, at the ‘Yellow House’, his rented home in Arles. Van Gogh was anxious to please his guest, who arrived on 23 October, and he knew Gauguin liked his sunflower pictures. As he explained to Theo, ‘I would like to do a decoration for the studio. Nothing but large Sunflowers’ (although he changed his plans and hung two pictures – this one and the Munich painting – in the guest room which Gauguin was to use). Van Gogh hoped that Gauguin’s arrival would be the first step in forming a new ‘association’ of like-minded artists, a ‘Studio in the South’. However, following a fight on 23 December, when Van Gogh threatened Gauguin with a knife and then cut off part of his own left ear, Gauguin returned to Paris. Although the friends never saw each other again, they continued to write, and in one letter Gauguin asked Van Gogh to make a sunflower painting for him. While living with Van Gogh, Gauguin painted the portrait Van Gogh Painting Sunflowers (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam). The scene was imagined, as the sunflower season was over and Van Gogh did not work on his sunflower pictures at all during the two months Gauguin was in Arles.
Gauguin may have admired Van Gogh’s sunflowers – in 1887 he had exchanged one of his Martinique landscapes for two of Van Gogh’s small sunflower studies – and yellow may have been his favourite colour, but the flower also had significance for Van Gogh himself. In this painting the 15 sunflowers are in different stages of their life cycle, from young bud through to maturity and eventual decay and death. The bud in the lower left corner has yet to reach full flower, seven flowers are in full bloom and the other seven have lost their petals and are turning to seed. Van Gogh has brilliantly captured the textures of the flowers in these various stages. Long strokes follow the direction of the petals, leaves and stems, whose sinuous lines echo those of Art Nouveau; small raised dabs of stippled paint imitate the bristling seed heads. Here, especially, Van Gogh exploited the stiff consistency of the new oil paints introduced in the nineteenth century to create thick impasto effects.
The sunflowers’ life cycle follows the vanitas tradition of seventeenth-century Dutch flower painting, but the sunflower had also been associated with love, both sacred and profane, since the sixteenth century. This was because just as the sunflower turns to follow the sun, so the true believer follows Christ and the lover follows the object of their affection. This idea could be extended to other instances of devotion, such as the subject who follows a leader or to the notion of art following nature. For Van Gogh, the sunflower’s association with art and love may have included the idea of artistic friendship or partnership, which he hoped to forge with Gauguin. The sunflower may also have had even more personal meanings for him. In February 1890 he wrote to the critic Albert Aurier, suggesting that the two sunflower pictures he was exhibiting in Brussels (the Munich and London versions) might ‘express the idea symbolising "gratitude".’ Symbolism aside, sunflowers were also visually striking examples of the beauty and vitality of nature, with which Van Gogh had always had a strong bond.
The paintings were also important artistic statements, not least because they were among the first paintings Van Gogh produced in Arles that show his signature expressive style. In this painting Van Gogh limited his palette to just one primary colour – ‘a picture all in yellow’ as he described it – although yellow here ranges from rich orange ochre to the pale greenish yellow of the background. Yellow could signify happiness for Van Gogh, and it was also the colour of Provence and a tribute to the Provençal painter Monticelli who ‘depicted the south [of France] all in yellow, all in orange, all in sulphur’. Van Gogh, too, has created a similar effect of incandescent heat, particularly with the circular seed heads, which seem to stand in for the sun itself.
","source":"Dokuwiki","type":"long text","value":"'The sunflower is mine', Van Gogh once declared. Soon after his death he became known as the painter of sunflowers, an identification that endures to this day. No other artist has been so closely associated with a specific flower, and his sunflower pictures continue to be among Van Gogh’s most iconic -- and loved -- works.\n\nThis painting is one of five versions of Sunflowers on display in museums and galleries across the world, although Van Gogh painted seven versions in total between 1888 and 1889. Of the seven, one is in a private collection and has not been exhibited for generations. The other, bought by a Japanese collector in 1921, was destroyed during the Second World War. In addition to the National Gallery’s painting, the four other versions on public display are in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the Neue Pinakothek in Munich, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Sompo Museum in Tokyo.\n\nThe seven pictures were made in two groups: four were painted in August 1888 and three replicas were painted in January 1889, which Van Gogh described as 'absolutely equal and identical copies'. These copies, along with the original paintings, were to be used as side panels to versions of his portrait of Madame Roulin, the wife of the Arles postman. Van Gogh painted the first four versions of his sunflowers in just one week. He worked quickly before the flowers faded, writing to his brother Theo, 'I am painting with the gusto of a Marseillaise eating bouillabaisse ... If I carry out this idea there will be a dozen panels. So the whole thing will be a symphony in blue and yellow.' The first two paintings to be completed were the one now in a private collection and the painting destroyed by bombing. The second two paintings -- Fourteen Sunflowers (Munich) and the National Gallery’s picture -- are the most important of the series. Van Gogh considered both good enough to hang and signed them ‘Vincent’, using his first name only as people found it difficult to pronounce his last name. They were also among the few works he felt confident enough to exhibit in Brussels in November 1889.\n\nVan Gogh had previously painted sunflower still lifes, but was prompted to paint this series by the imminent arrival of Paul Gauguin, his friend and fellow artist, at the ‘Yellow House’, his rented home in Arles. Van Gogh was anxious to please his guest, who arrived on 23 October, and he knew Gauguin liked his sunflower pictures. As he explained to Theo, 'I would like to do a decoration for the studio. Nothing but large Sunflowers' (although he changed his plans and hung two pictures -- this one and the Munich painting -- in the guest room which Gauguin was to use). Van Gogh hoped that Gauguin’s arrival would be the first step in forming a new 'association' of like-minded artists, a 'Studio in the South'. However, following a fight on 23 December, when Van Gogh threatened Gauguin with a knife and then cut off part of his own left ear, Gauguin returned to Paris. Although the friends never saw each other again, they continued to write, and in one letter Gauguin asked Van Gogh to make a sunflower painting for him. While living with Van Gogh, Gauguin painted the portrait Van Gogh Painting Sunflowers (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam). The scene was imagined, as the sunflower season was over and Van Gogh did not work on his sunflower pictures at all during the two months Gauguin was in Arles.\n\nGauguin may have admired Van Gogh’s sunflowers -- in 1887 he had exchanged one of his Martinique landscapes for two of Van Gogh’s small sunflower studies -- and yellow may have been his favourite colour, but the flower also had significance for Van Gogh himself. In this painting the 15 sunflowers are in different stages of their life cycle, from young bud through to maturity and eventual decay and death. The bud in the lower left corner has yet to reach full flower, seven flowers are in full bloom and the other seven have lost their petals and are turning to seed. Van Gogh has brilliantly captured the textures of the flowers in these various stages. Long strokes follow the direction of the petals, leaves and stems, whose sinuous lines echo those of Art Nouveau; small raised dabs of stippled paint imitate the bristling seed heads. Here, especially, Van Gogh exploited the stiff consistency of the new oil paints introduced in the nineteenth century to create thick impasto effects.\n\nThe sunflowers’ life cycle follows the vanitas tradition of seventeenth-century Dutch flower painting, but the sunflower had also been associated with love, both sacred and profane, since the sixteenth century. This was because just as the sunflower turns to follow the sun, so the true believer follows Christ and the lover follows the object of their affection. This idea could be extended to other instances of devotion, such as the subject who follows a leader or to the notion of art following nature. For Van Gogh, the sunflower’s association with art and love may have included the idea of artistic friendship or partnership, which he hoped to forge with Gauguin. The sunflower may also have had even more personal meanings for him. In February 1890 he wrote to the critic Albert Aurier, suggesting that the two sunflower pictures he was exhibiting in Brussels (the Munich and London versions) might 'express the idea symbolising \"gratitude\".' Symbolism aside, sunflowers were also visually striking examples of the beauty and vitality of nature, with which Van Gogh had always had a strong bond.\n\nThe paintings were also important artistic statements, not least because they were among the first paintings Van Gogh produced in Arles that show his signature expressive style. In this painting Van Gogh limited his palette to just one primary colour -- 'a picture all in yellow' as he described it -- although yellow here ranges from rich orange ochre to the pale greenish yellow of the background. Yellow could signify happiness for Van Gogh, and it was also the colour of Provence and a tribute to the Provençal painter Monticelli who 'depicted the south [of France] all in yellow, all in orange, all in sulphur'. Van Gogh, too, has created a similar effect of incandescent heat, particularly with the circular seed heads, which seem to stand in for the sun itself."}],"accession":{"date":[{"from":"1924","to":"1924","value":"1924-01-01"}],"@entity":"lifecycle"},"title":[{"type":"full title","value":"Sunflowers"}],"bibliography":[{"summary":{"title":"The National Gallery: Complete Illustrated Catalogue"},"@link":{"cascade":true,"details":{"figure":"p. 274","illustrated":true,"page":"274","type":"Key bibliography"}},"@admin":{"uid":"0E1Z-0008-0000-0000","id":"publication-34","source":"tms","uuid":"4025ce72-2c64-30b7-9f5b-dd46cdac09a4","status":"public"},"@datatype":{"actual":"Monograph","sub":["tms"],"equivalents":[{"@admin":{"id":"concept-monograph","source":"tms","uuid":"adda9f35-d664-3c9d-95f8-43e2737b77c2","status":"public"},"@entity":"reference"}],"base":"publication"},"@entity":"reference"},{"summary":{"title":"National Gallery Catalogues: French School: Early 19th Century, Impressionists, 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Most of the flowers have become seed-heads, their petals past their peak. When Vincent van Gogh travelled to Arles in the south of France, he anticipated a utopia filled with abundant subjects for painting and enjoyment for the senses. He also hoped he might be able to form a new community of artists and make a fresh start. Sunflowers invites us to experience joy in the midst of uncertainty and change. Van Gogh compared the series of sunflower paintings he produced in the summer of 1888 to ‘stained glass windows’ and to ‘a symphony in blue and yellow’. He offered them as a precious gift, using them to decorate the room which his brother Theo and his friend the artist Paul Gauguin would use when they stayed with him. This painting is a manifestation of a foundational belief held by van Gogh, that ‘the joy of others may embitter jealous hearts, but it fortifies submissive hearts; it is the ray of sunshine that opens up those two lovely flowers called “confidence” and “hope”.’"},{"type":"formatted online label","value":"\r\n\r\nEach stalk, petal, and seed is different. Most of the\r\nflowers have become seed-heads, their petals past their peak. When Vincent van\r\nGogh travelled to Arles in the south of France, he anticipated a utopia filled\r\nwith abundant subjects for painting and enjoyment for the senses. He also hoped\r\nhe might be able to form a new community of artists and make a fresh start.\r\nSunflowers invites us to experience joy in the midst of uncertainty and change.\r\nVan Gogh compared the series of sunflower paintings he produced in the summer\r\nof 1888 to ‘stained glass windows’ and to ‘a symphony in blue and yellow’. He\r\noffered them as a precious gift, using them to decorate the room which his\r\nbrother Theo and his friend the artist Paul Gauguin would use when they stayed\r\nwith him. This painting is a manifestation of a foundational belief held by van\r\nGogh, that ‘the joy of others may embitter jealous hearts, but it fortifies\r\nsubmissive hearts; it is the ray of sunshine that opens up those two lovely flowers\r\ncalled “confidence” and “hope”.’